Directions: Each of the following questions consists of two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows from the two statements disregarding commonly known fact.
Statements:
- All men are dogs.
- All dogs are cats.
Conclusions:
- All men are Cats.
- All cats are men.
Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative. However, conclusion II distributes the term ‘goats’. Since the term ‘goats’ is distributed in II, without being distributed in any of the premises, so conclusion II cannot follow. Thus, only I follows.
Venn Diagram:
Directions: Each of the following questions consists of two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows from the two statements disregarding commonly known fact.
Statements:
- All pen are roads.
- All roads are houses.
Conclusions:
- All Houses are pens.
- Some houses are pens.
Since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that ‘All pens are houses’. II is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds. Since the term ‘houses’. II is the converse of this conclusion and so it holds. Since the term ‘houses’ is distributed in I without being distributed in any of the premises, so I does not follow.
Venn Diagram:
Directions: Each of the following questions consists of two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows from the two statements disregarding commonly known fact.
Statements:
- Every Minister is a student.
- Every student is inexperienced.
Conclusions:
- Every Minister is inexperienced.
- Some inexperienced are students.
‘Every’ is equivalent to ‘All’. Thus, since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative and should not contain the middle term. So, I follows. II is the converse of the second premise and thus it also holds.
Venn Diagram:
Directions: Each of the following questions consists of two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows from the two statements disregarding commonly known fact.
Statements:
- All jungles are tigers.
- Some tigers are horses.
Conclusions:
- Some horses are jungles.
- No horse is jungles.
Since the middle term ‘tigers’ is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, I and II involve only the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. So, either I or II follows.
Venn Diagram:
Directions: Each of the following questions consists of two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows from the two statements disregarding commonly known fact.
Statements:
- All birds are tall.
- Some tall are hens.
Conclusions:
- Some birds are hens.
- Some hens are talls.
Since the middle term ‘tall’ is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, II is the converse of the second premise and so it holds.
Venn Diagram:
Directions: Each of the following questions consists of two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows from the two statements disregarding commonly known fact.
Statements:
- Some hens are cows.
- All cows are horses.
Conclusions:
- Some horses are hens.
- Some hens are horses.
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, II follows. I is the converse of II and so it also holds.
Venn Diagram:
Directions: Each of the following questions consists of two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows from the two statements disregarding commonly known fact.
Statements:
- Some doctors are fools.
- Some fools are rich.
Conclusions:
- Some doctors are rich.
- Some rich are doctors.
Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.
Venn Diagram:
Directions: Each of the following questions consists of two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows from the two statements disregarding commonly known fact.
Statements:
- No bat is ball.
- No ball is wicket.
Conclusions:
- No bat is wicket.
- All wickets are bats.
Since both the premises are negative, no definite conclusion follows.
Venn Diagram:
Directions: Each of the following questions consists of two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows from the two statements disregarding commonly known fact.
Statements:
- No women teacher can play.
- Some women teachers are athletes.
Conclusions:
- Male athletes can play.
- Some athletes can play.
Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, neither conclusion follows.
Venn Diagram:
Directions: Each of the following questions consists of two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the two given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows from the two statements disregarding commonly known fact.
Statements:
- Many scooters are trucks.
- All trucks are trains.
Conclusions:
- Some scooters are trains.
- No truck is a scooter.
Since the first premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. Thus, only I follows.
Venn Diagram:
